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The ten chapters of the volume answer these ten fundamental questions and the clinician who faces an apical pathology of endodontic origin will therefore have the solutions. The aim of this text/atlas is to provide a guide to the diagnostic approach and to the execution of endodontic retreatments of complex cases.
Infectious bronchitis is an acute and highly contagious respiratory disease of chickens characterized by respiratory signs comprising gasping, coughing, sneezing, tracheal rales and nasal discharge. In addition, severe respiratory distress may occur in young chickens. Respiratory distress, decrease in egg production, and loss of internal egg quality and eggshell quality have been reported in layers. Some strains of the virus produce severe kidney damage and may be associated with high mortality.
The goal of this text is to provide the reader with the tools for making an informed choice among all the available therapeutic possibilities for saving a natural tooth or replacing it with or without an osseointegrated implant.
Although nasal cytology is still a little used diagnostic approach, it has often proved to be decisive: it makes it possible to distinguish between different forms of rhinopathy – inflammatory from infectious, allergic from non-allergic vasomotor, and bacterial from viral and fungal forms, as well as to diagnose the presence, in the same patient, of various “overlapping” forms. It is also important to consider other important aspects that make cytology a practical diagnostic method, accessible to all rhinoallergology services: the simplicity and low invasiveness of the technique. This book fills a gap given that, to date, there have been no textbooks or atlases dealing with this specific topic.
